Бронзы представляют собой сплавы на основе меди, легирующими компонентами в которых являются олово, железо, свинец, алюминий и другие элементы, за исключением цинка. Они обладают следующими физическими свойствами:
- модуль упругости варьируется в достаточно широких пределах и составляет от 10000 до 14000. Во многом он зависит от состояния бронзы (литье, прокат и пр.);
- обрабатываемость сплавов не очень высокая. Она находится в пределах 20 % по отношению к латуни ЛС63-3. Исключением из данного правила являются оловянно-свинцовые бронзы, которые обладают обрабатываемостью до 90 %;
- ударная вязкость бронзовых сплавов может изменяться в широких пределах, но в большинстве случаев она меньше, чем у меди;
- электропроводность и теплопроводность большинства бронз значительно ниже, чем у чистой меди и многих латуней.
Бронзовый прокат включает в себя широкую номенклатуру изделий, в том числе круги, трубы, полосы, плиты, ленты и проволоку. Рассмотрим механические свойства этих видов проката.
Бронзовые круги
Они могут изготавливаться прессованием, непрерывным литьем и методом холодной деформации. Предел прочности при растяжении литых заготовок находится в диапазоне 20-35 кгс/мм2. Данный показатель для прессованных кругов в зависимости от марки бронзы составляет примерно 25-60 кгс/мм2. Холоднодеформированный прокат может обладать пределом прочности до 100 кгс/мм2 и выше. Относительное удлинение большинства бронз не превышает 25 %. Исключением является марка БрОФ7-0.2, у которой данный параметр составляет более 50 %. Твердость литых бронз в основном уступает твердости прессованных и холоднодеформированных кругов. Антифрикционные качества бронзовых сплавов приметно одинаковы вне зависимости от метода изготовления детали. При этом литые круги значительно дешевле в производстве и не имеют ограничений по диаметру заготовки (например, холодной деформацией могут быть изготовлены прутки диаметром только до 40 мм).
Бронзовые трубки
Их механические свойства примерно совпадают с характеристиками соответствующих кругов. Трубы изготавливают преимущественно методом непрерывного литья.
Заготовки для втулок
Они производятся методом центробежного литья или литья в кокиль. Чаще всего для этих целей применяются бронзы БрОЦС5-5-5, БрАЖ9-4, БрОЦ10-2, БрОФ10-1.
Выбор марки бронзы для решения конкретных задач определяется всем комплексом механических, физических и технологических свойств. Также большое значение имеют антифрикционные качества, коррозионная стойкость, способность работать в условиях высоких или низких температур и пр.
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